Effect of resistance training on bioelectrical phase angle in older adults: a systematic review with Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Resistance training has been proposed as a valid practice to counteract the aging effect on body mass and its components, which can be easily evaluated though the bioelectrical impedance analysis. This study aimed to achieve a systematic review with meta-analysis on the impact of resistance training on bioelectrical proprieties in older adults.A literature review was done in four electronic databases up to 1 January 2022. The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants aged ≥ 60 years; (ii) resistance training lasted ≥ 8 weeks; (iii) measurement of raw bioelectrical parameters in randomized controlled study designs.The outcomes of the trial had to be bioelectrical phase angle (PhA), resistance (R), and reactance (Xc). The methodological quality was assessed using the Rosendal scale.Overall, seven studies with a total of 344 participants were eligible for the analysis. The quality assessment yielded a score of 71.3%. Bioelectrical PhA (0.52 degree [95%CI 0.32, 0.71], p < 0.001) and Xc (3.58 ohms [95%CI 1.97, 5.19], p < 0.001) increased, whereas R decreased (-28.50 ohms [95%CI -41.39, -15.60], p < 0.001) after the resistance training programs.In this meta-analysis, resistance training promoted increases of PhA, which result from an increase in Xc concomitant with a reduction in R. According to the bioimpedance vector analysis, resistance-trained people experienced a beneficial leftward vector displacement, whilst inactivity induced a rightward vector displacement within the R-Xc graph. In future, more sophisticated and rigorous studies that address specific criteria, methods and targeted designs are required to identify which equipment and protocols allow for an optimization of the resistance training effects.Registration code in PROSPERO: CRD42020168057.

Effect of Resistance Exercise Orders on Health Parameters in Trained Older Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of four resistance exercise orders on muscular strength, body composition, functional fitness, cardiovascular risk factors, and mental health parameters in trained older women. METHODS: The intervention lasted 63 wk. Sixty-one physically independent women (>60 yr) after completing a 12-wk resistance training (RT) preconditioning phase were randomized into four different exercise orders groups to perform 12 wk of RT: multijoint to single-joint and upper- to lower-body, single-joint to multijoint and upper- to lower-body, multijoint to single-joint and lower- to upper-body, and single-joint to multijoint and lower- to upper-body. This was followed by a 12-wk detraining period and another 12-wk RT in which exercise orders were crossed over between MJ-SJ and SJ-MJ conditions. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum tests), functional fitness (gait speed, walking agility, 30-s chair stand, and 6-min walk tests), cardiovascular risk factors (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, advanced oxidation protein product, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter, and nitric oxide), depressive (Geriatric Depression Scale) and anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), and cognitive performance (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making, verbal fluency, and Stroop test) were analyzed. RESULTS: After the final training period, all groups presented significant improvements ( P < 0.05) in almost all analyzed variables (muscular strength, body composition, functional tests, blood biomarkers, and mental health parameters), without significant difference among exercise orders. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that RT exercise orders in which MJ, SJ, upper, or lower-body exercises are performed first have similar effects on health parameters in trained older women.

Does Varying Resistance Exercises for the Same Muscle Group Promote Greater Strength Gains?

ABSTRACT: Costa, BDV, Kassiano, W, Nunes, JP, Kunevaliki, G, Castro-E-Souza, P, Sugihara-Junior, P, Fernandes, RR, Cyrino, ES, and de Fortes, LS. Does varying resistance exercises for the same muscle group promote greater strength gains? J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3032-3039, 2022-Two of the foremost principles of progression are progressive overload and variation. A way to vary within a resistance training (RT) program is to perform different exercises for the same muscle group; however, this strategy is still overlooked. The purpose of the present study was to compare strength adaptations between an RT routine that maintained the exercises fixed (N-VAR) and another that varied the exercises for the same muscle group during the weekly sessions (VAR). Twenty-three young men (23.3 ± 4.1 years) were randomly allocated to N-VAR ( n = 11) and VAR ( n = 12) conditions. The RT was performed 3 times a week for 9 weeks and consisted of a whole-body routine (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). Maximum dynamic strength was assessed using the 1-repetition maximum test (1RM), and the isometric strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer, before and after training. Following the training period, both groups increased the 1RM values in all exercises ( p ≤ 0.002), without significant differences between them ( p ≥ 0.20). In contrast, a greater increase ( p = 0.02) in isometric knee extension strength was showed to N-VAR (+12%) compared with VAR (+7%). There was no significant increase in both groups for isometric knee flexion strength (N-VAR, p = 0.10; VAR, p = 0.18). Our findings indicate that maintaining or varying the exercises for the same muscle group promotes similar adaptations in the maximum dynamic strength. In contrast, for the isometric strength in knee extension, maintaining the fixed exercises seems to be more interesting.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Recommendations Report.

BACKGROUND: This article presents the recommendations from the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: A steering committee composed of a chair, 6 experts in physical activity, and representatives from the Ministry of Health/Brazil, Pan American Health Organization, Brazilian Society of Physical Activity and Health designed the guidelines, which was implemented by 8 working groups, as follows: (1) understanding physical activity, (2) children up to 5 years old, (3) children and youth from 6 to 17 years old, (4) adults, (5) older adults (60 years and above), (6) physical education at school, (7) pregnant and postpartum women, and (8) people with disabilities. The methodological steps included evidence syntheses, hearings with key stakeholders, and public consultation. RESULTS: Across 8 chapters, the guidelines provide definitions of physical activity and sedentary behavior, informing target groups on types of physical activity, dosage (frequency, intensity, and duration), benefits, and supporting network for physical activity adoption. The guidelines are openly available in Portuguese, Spanish, English, and Braille and in audio versions, with a supplementary guide for health professionals and decision makers, and a report about the preparation and references. CONCLUSIONS: The Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population provide evidence-based recommendations, being a public-directed resource to contribute to the physical activity promotion in Brazil.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Development and Methods.

BACKGROUND: This article describes the process and methods used in the development of the first ever Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: The steering committee established 8 working groups based on other guidelines and the Brazilian agenda for public health and physical activity (PA) promotion: (1) understanding PA; (2) children up to 5 years; (3) children and youth (6-17 y); (4) adults; (5) older adults (60 years and above); (6) physical education at school; (7) pregnant and postpartum women; and (8) people with disabilities. Working groups were formed to (1) synthesize the literature on each topic; (2) conduct workshops with stakeholders, health professionals, researchers, and the public; and (3) prepare a draft chapter for open online consultation. RESULTS: The document provides guidance for the population on the benefits of being active and recommendations regarding the amount (frequency, intensity, and duration) of PA recommended across all chapters. It also includes information on supporting networks for PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA guidelines are widely accessible in Portuguese, including versions in English, Spanish, audiobook, and Braille, and will assist policy makers and professionals from several sectors to promote PA. The ultimate goal is to increase population levels of PA in Brazil.

Association of parents' physical activity and weight status with obesity and metabolic risk of their offspring.

Our aim was to analyze the joint association of parental characteristics and offspring obesity indicators with metabolic risk in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 972 adolescents and their parents. We observed that overweight adolescents who have a normal weight mother show lower metabolic risk in comparison with their counterparts with overweight mothers. In conclusion, mother's weight status moderates the relationship between offspring' obesity indicators and metabolic risk in adolescents.

Age and Sex-Related Associations between Marital Status, Physical Activity and TV Time.

Marital status mediates an association between physical activity (PA) and TV time with health outcomes. However, population-based studies have revealed that the health effect of marriage or divorce is age-dependent and differs between women and men. The study aimed to identify the age and sex-related associations between marital status with PA and TV time. We used data from Vigitel, an annual telephone survey started in 2006 in Brazil. We applied a complex sample logistic regression model to estimate the odds for PA and TV time comparing marital statuses according to age and sex subgroups, independent of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, self-assessed poor health, and smoking. Our sample included 561,837 individuals from 18 to 99 years, with a TV time > 3 h/day (prevalence = 25.2%) and PA > 150 min/week (prevalence = 35%). Later, we divided our sample in seven age groups by marital status and sex. Compared to single individuals, married men and women were less likely to watch TV more than 3 h/day in participants >30 years old. When compared to single, married participants were less likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week at younger age groups. Married women older than 40 years were more likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week than the single ones, while there were no differences among married men by age group. In conclusion, our study suggests that the investments in public policies to encourage the practice of PA and reduction of TV time could be based on the marital status, sex, and age, prioritizing less active groups.

Association of parents' physical activity and weight status with obesity and metabolic risk of their offspring / Associação do status de atividade física e peso dos pais com os indicadores de obesidade e risco metabólico dos filhos

Abstract Our aim was to analyze the joint association of parental characteristics and offspring obesity indicators with metabolic risk in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 972 adolescents and their parents. We observed that overweight adolescents who have a normal weight mother show lower metabolic risk in comparison with their counterparts with overweight mothers. In conclusion, mother's weight status moderates the relationship between offspring' obesity indicators and metabolic risk in adolescents.

Resumo Nosso objetivo foi analisar a associação combinada entre características dos pais e indicadores de adiposidade dos filhos com o risco metabólico em adolescentes. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 972 adolescentes e seus pais. Observamos que adolescentes com sobrepeso que possuem mãe com peso normal apresentaram menor risco metabólico em comparação com seus pares com mães que apresentam sobrepeso. Concluímos que o status de peso da mãe modera a relação entre indicadores de obesidade e risco metabólico dos adolescentes.

Self-perceived social relationships are related to health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents.

Although changes have been observed in social relationships in the recent years, especially among younger generations, little evidence is available concerning factors associated with adolescents' perceived social relationships. In this study we investigated the association between self-perceived social relationships, health-related behaviors, biological maturation, and mental health in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 1,336 adolescents (605 boys and 731 girls) aged between 10 to 17 years from public schools. Self-perceived social relationships (family, friends, and teachers), feelings of stress and sadness, academic performance, tobacco smoking, alcohol and fat consumption, physical activity, and screen time were evaluated by a questionnaire. Biological maturation was assessed by the peak height velocity. We observed that worse perceived social relationships were associated with tobacco smoking (family and teachers), alcohol drinking (teachers), higher consumption of fat (teachers), greater feelings of stress (family and teachers) and sadness (family and friends), and poor academic achievement (friends and teachers).

Self-perceived social relationships are related to health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents / A percepção dos relacionamentos sociais está relacionada à comportamentos de risco associados à saúde e à saúde mental em adolescentes

Abstract Although changes have been observed in social relationships in the recent years, especially among younger generations, little evidence is available concerning factors associated with adolescents' perceived social relationships. In this study we investigated the association between self-perceived social relationships, health-related behaviors, biological maturation, and mental health in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 1,336 adolescents (605 boys and 731 girls) aged between 10 to 17 years from public schools. Self-perceived social relationships (family, friends, and teachers), feelings of stress and sadness, academic performance, tobacco smoking, alcohol and fat consumption, physical activity, and screen time were evaluated by a questionnaire. Biological maturation was assessed by the peak height velocity. We observed that worse perceived social relationships were associated with tobacco smoking (family and teachers), alcohol drinking (teachers), higher consumption of fat (teachers), greater feelings of stress (family and teachers) and sadness (family and friends), and poor academic achievement (friends and teachers).

Resumo Apesar das mudanças observadas nos relacionamentos sociais nos últimos anos, especialmente entre as gerações mais novas, pouca evidência está disponível sobre os fatores associados à percepção dos relacionamentos sociais. Neste estudo nós investigamos a associação entre a percepção das próprias relações sociais, comportamentos associados à saúde, maturação biológica e indicadores de saúde mental em adolescentes. Este é um estudo transversal conduzido com 1.336 adolescentes (605 meninos e 731 meninas) com idades entre 10 e 17 anos, alunos de escolas públicas. A percepção dos relacionamentos sociais (família, amigo e professores), frequência de sentimentos de estresse e tristeza, o desempenho acadêmico, consumo de álcool, tabaco e alimentos gordurosos, bem como o nível de atividade física e tempo de tela foram avaliados por questionário. A maturação biológica foi estimada a partir do pico de velocidade de crescimento. Observamos que as piores relações sociais percebidas estiveram relacionadas ao consumo de tabaco (família e professores), de álcool (professores), alto consumo de alimentos gordurosos (professores), sentimentos de estresse (família e professores) e de tristeza (família e amigos) mais frequentes, e pior percepção do desempenho acadêmico (amigos e professores).

Acute effect of high-definition and conventional tDCS on exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used aiming to boost exercise performance and inconsistent findings have been reported. One possible explanation is related to the limitations of the so-called "conventional" tDCS, which uses large rectangular electrodes, resulting in a diffuse electric field. A new tDCS technique called high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) has been recently developed. HD-tDCS uses small ring electrodes and produces improved focality and greater magnitude of its aftereffects. This study tested whether HD-tDCS would improve exercise performance to a greater extent than conventional tDCS. Twelve endurance athletes (29.4 ± 7.3 years; 60.15 ± 5.09 ml kg-1 min-1) were enrolled in this single-center, randomized, crossover, and sham-controlled trial. To test reliability, participants performed two time to exhaustion (TTE) tests (control conditions) on a cycle simulator with 80% of peak power until volitional exhaustion. Next, they randomly received HD-tDCS (2.4 mA), conventional (2.0 mA), or active sham tDCS (2.0 mA) over the motor cortex for 20-min before performing the TTE test. TTE, heart rate (HR), associative thoughts, peripheral (lower limbs), and whole-body ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every minute. Outcome measures were reliable. There was no difference in TTE between HD-tDCS (853.1 ± 288.6 s), simulated conventional (827.8 ± 278.7 s), sham (794.3 ± 271.2 s), or control conditions (TTE1 = 751.1 ± 261.6 s or TTE2 = 770.8 ± 250.6 s) [F(1.95; 21.4) = 1.537; P = 0.24; η2p = 0.123]. There was no effect on peripheral or whole-body RPE and associative thoughts (P > 0.05). No serious adverse effect was reported. A single session of neither HD-tDCS nor conventional tDCS changed exercise performance and psychophysiological responses in athletes, suggesting that a ceiling effect may exist.

Atividade física para idosos: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira / Physical activity for older adults: Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

Por iniciativa do Ministério da Saúde, em colaboração com pesquisadores nacionais, elaborou-se o primeiro Guia de Atividade Física (AF) para a População Brasileira, incluindo recomendações para as várias fases da vida e populações especiais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o processo me-todológico e os resultados do capítulo de recomendações de AF para idosos. O Grupo de Trabalho Idosos (GT Idosos) contou com a participação de 11 pesquisadores/profissionais que realizaram reuniões virtuais semanais, revisão sistemática de revisões, que incluiu 50 artigos ao final, e escutas com profissionais de Educação Física (n = 143), gestores (n = 17) e com idosos (n = 22), de todas as regiões do país, por meio de entrevistas telefônicas e formulários eletrônicos. Baseado nos resultados da revisão e das escutas, elaborou-se uma primeira versão das recomendações de AF para idosos, que foi submetida à consulta pública. No total foram recebidas 46 sugestões válidas, das quais 34 foram aceitas e incorporadas ao texto final por possuírem relevância técnica e/ou social. Como resultados, o Guia destaca os principais benefícios da AF para idosos, como melhora dos aspectos físicos, mentais e sociais, e recomenda um mínimo de 150 minutos por semana de AF de intensidade moderada, ou 75 minutos de intensidade vigorosa, considerando as AF no tempo livre, no deslocamento, no trabalho/estudo ou nas tarefas domésticas. Acredita-se que o Guia auxiliará os idosos e profissionais de saúde a conhecerem os benefícios da AF, a quantidade recomendada e as diversas possibilidades de prática, por meio de mensagens e exemplos culturalmente apropriados

At the Ministry of Health initiative, in collaboration with national researchers, the first Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines for the Brazilian Population was prepared, including recommendations for the various stages of life and special populations. This study aims to present the methodological process of the chapter on PA recommendations for the elderly. The Elderly Work Group had 11 researchers/professionals who held weekly virtual meetings, made a systematic review of reviews, which included 50 articles, and promoted a listening among elderly (n = 22), managers (n = 17) and professionals (n = 143) from all country regions, through telephone interviews and online forms. Based on the review and the listening results, a first version of the PA Guidelines for the elderly was elaborated, which was submitted to public consultation. Forty-six valid suggestions were received for the Guide's writing, of which 34 were accepted and incorporated into the final text since they had technical and/or social relevance. As results, the Guidelines highlight the major benefits of PA for the elderly, such as enhancement of the physical, mental and social aspects, and recommends a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA per week, considering PA in leisure time, commuting and domestic activities, as well as in work/study time. It is believed that these Guidelines will help the elderly and health professionals to get to know the benefits of PA, the recommended amount, and the different possibilities of practice through culturally appropriate messages and examples. Politically, it will reinforce the central role of PA in the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases, boosting actions for its dissemination and implantation

Identifying children who are susceptible to dropping out from physical activity and sport: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although the benefits of physical activity are clear, adherence to physical activity programs is a challenge, especially during transitional phases of life. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify adolescents who were more likely to drop out from physical activity and sports participation, from childhood to adolescence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study on retrospective data regarding childhood activity among 803 Brazilian adolescents. The study was conducted at public schools in Londrina, Paraná, in 2011. METHODS: Habitual physical activity, sports participation during childhood, parental physical activity, socioeconomic status and perception of social relationships were self-reported. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated via a 20-m shuttle-run test and somatic maturation was estimated from the age at peak height velocity. RESULTS: Our results provided evidence that girls (physical activity: odds ratio, OR: 4.37 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.86-10.3]; sports: OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.39-5.05]) and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness (physical activity: OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.13-2.78]; sports: OR: 1.62 [95% CI: 1.15-2.26]) were more likely to drop out from active behaviors. Children with inactive mothers and inactive fathers (OR: 3.55 [95% CI: 1.12-11.3]) also showed a higher dropout rate from physical activity. Adolescents with negative perceptions of friendships (OR: 2.33 [95% CI: 1.21-4.47]) were more likely to drop out from sports. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dropout rates from active lifestyles during childhood were observed among girls and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Parental inactivity and negative perceptions of friendships were also potential risk factors for discontinuation of childhood physical activity and sports.

The usefulness of Tanita TBF-310 for body composition assessment in Judo athletes using a four-compartment molecular model as the reference method.

Body composition assessment at the molecular level is relevant for the athletic population and its association with high performance is well recognized. The four-compartment molecular model (4C) is the reference method for fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. However, its implementation in a real context is not feasible. Coaches and athletes need practical body composition methods for body composition assessment, and the bioelectrical impedance analysis method (BIA) is usually seen as a useful alternative. The aim of this study was to test the validity of BIA (Tanita, TBF-310) to determine the FM and FFM of elite judo athletes. A total of 29 males were evaluated in a period of weight stability using the reference method (4C) and the alternative method (Tanita, TBF-310). Regarding the 4C method, total-body water was assessed by deuterium dilution, bone mineral by DXA, and body volume by air displacement plethysmography. The slops and intercepts differed from 1 (0.39 and 1.11) and 0 (4.24 and -6.41) for FM and FFM, respectively. FM from Tanita TBF-310 overestimated the 4C method by 0.2 kg although no differences were found for FFM. Tanita TBF-310 explained 21% and 72% respectively in the estimation of absolute values of FM and FFM from the 4C method. Limits of agreement were significant, varying from -6.7 kg to 7.0 kg for FM and from -8.9 kg to 7.5 kg for FFM. In conclusion, TBF-310 Tanita is not a valid alternative method for estimating body composition in highly trained judo athletes.

Effect of 16 weeks of resistance training on strength endurance in men and women / Efeito de 16 semanas de treinamento resistido sobre a resistência de força em homens e mulheres / Efecto de 16 semanas de entrenamiento resistido sobre la resistencia de fuerza en hombres y mujeres

ABSTRACT Introduction Although resistance training (RT) can provide numerous benefits for both men and women, morphological, neuromuscular, metabolic, physiological, and behavioral differences between sexes may influence the magnitude of training responses. Objective To analyze the impact of 16 weeks of progressive RT on strength endurance in untrained men and women. Methods Twenty-eight men and 31 women (18-30 years) underwent a supervised RT program that was divided into two 8-week stages, 3 times per week on nonconsecutive days. The RT program was composed of exercises for different body segments (trunk, upper and lower limbs) that were performed with three sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum (RM), in 10 and 12 exercises, in the first and second stage, respectively. Strength endurance was assessed in 3 exercises (bench press, squat, and arm curl) and in a combination of these exercises through a protocol composed of 4 sets performed to failure with 80% of 1-RM on the baseline, after 8 and 16 weeks of RT. Results Group vs. time interactions (p <0.05) were found for bench press (men = +28.3% vs. women = +32.1%), squat (men = +13.5% vs. women = +32.7%), and arm curl (men = +20.2% vs. women = +24.4%) exercises, as well as in the set of all 3 exercises (men = +18.4% vs. women = +31.2%). Conclusion Our results suggest that 16 weeks of RT can improve strength endurance in both men and women, although higher gains are achieved by women. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic study-Investigating treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Embora o treinamento resistido (TR) possa proporcionar inúmeros benefícios tanto para homens quanto para mulheres, diferenças morfológicas, neuromusculares, metabólicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais entre os sexos podem influenciar na magnitude das respostas ao treinamento. Objetivo Analisar o impacto de 16 semanas de TR progressivo sobre a resistência de força em homens e mulheres não treinados. Métodos Foram submetidos a um programa de TR supervisionado em duas etapas de 8 semanas cada, três vezes por semana, em dias não consecutivos 28 homens e 31 mulheres (18 a 30 anos). O programa de TR foi composto por exercícios para os diferentes segmentos corporais (membros superiores, tronco e membros inferiores), que foram executados em três séries de oito a 12 repetições máximas (RM), em dez exercícios na primeira etapa e em 12 exercícios na segunda etapa de intervenção. A resistência de força foi avaliada em três exercícios (supino em banco horizontal, agachamento e rosca direta de bíceps) e na combinação entre eles, por meio de um protocolo composto por quatro séries executadas até a falha com 80% de 1-RM, na linha de base, após 8 e 16 semanas de TR. Resultados Interações grupo vs. tempo (p < 0,05) foram encontradas para os exercícios supino (homens: +28,3% vs. mulheres: +32,1%), agachamento (homens: +13,5% vs. mulheres: +32,7%), rosca direta (homens: +20,2% vs. mulheres: +24,4%), bem como no conjunto dos três exercícios (homens: +18,4% vs. mulheres +31,2%). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que 16 semanas de TR podem melhorar a resistência de força, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres, embora ganhos de maior magnitude sejam alcançados pelas mulheres. Nível de evidência II; Estudo terapêutico - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Aunque el entrenamiento resistido (ER) puede proporcionar innumerables beneficios tanto para hombres como para mujeres, diferencias morfológicas, neuromusculares, metabólicas, fisiológicas y comportamentales entre ambos sexos pueden influir en la magnitud de las respuestas al entrenamiento. Objetivo Analizar el impacto de 16 semanas de ER progresivo sobre la resistencia de fuerza en hombres y mujeres no entrenados. Métodos Veintiocho hombres y 31 mujeres (18 a 30 años) fueron sometidos a un programa de ER supervisado en dos etapas de ocho semanas cada una, tres veces por semana, en días no consecutivos. El programa de ER fue compuesto por ejercicios para los diferentes segmentos corporales (miembros superiores, tronco y miembros inferiores) que fueron ejecutados en tres series de 8-12 repeticiones máximas (RM), en 10 ejercicios en la primera etapa y 12 ejercicios en la segunda etapa de intervención. La resistencia de fuerza fue evaluada en tres ejercicios (press de banca, sentadilla y curl de bíceps) y en la combinación entre ellos, por medio de un protocolo compuesto por cuatro series ejecutadas hasta la falla con el 80% de 1-RM, línea de base, después de ocho y 16 semanas de ER. Resultados Interacciones grupo vs. tiempo (p < 0,05) fueron encontradas para los ejercicios press de banca (hombres = +28,3% vs. mujeres = +32,1%), sentadilla (hombres = +13,5% vs. mujeres = +32,7%), curl de bíceps (hombres = +20,2% vs. mujeres = +24,4%), así como en el conjunto de los tres ejercicios (hombres = +18,4% vs. mujeres = +31,2%). Conclusión Nuestros resultados sugieren que 16 semanas de ER pueden mejorar la resistencia de fuerza, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, aunque los aumentos de mayor magnitud sean alcanzados por las mujeres. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio terapéutico -Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

The usefulness of Tanita TBF-310 for body composition assessment in Judo athletes using a four-compartment molecular model as the reference method

SUMMARY Body composition assessment at the molecular level is relevant for the athletic population and its association with high performance is well recognized. The four-compartment molecular model (4C) is the reference method for fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. However, its implementation in a real context is not feasible. Coaches and athletes need practical body composition methods for body composition assessment, and the bioelectrical impedance analysis method (BIA) is usually seen as a useful alternative. The aim of this study was to test the validity of BIA (Tanita, TBF-310) to determine the FM and FFM of elite judo athletes. A total of 29 males were evaluated in a period of weight stability using the reference method (4C) and the alternative method (Tanita, TBF-310). Regarding the 4C method, total-body water was assessed by deuterium dilution, bone mineral by DXA, and body volume by air displacement plethysmography. The slops and intercepts differed from 1 (0.39 and 1.11) and 0 (4.24 and -6.41) for FM and FFM, respectively. FM from Tanita TBF-310 overestimated the 4C method by 0.2 kg although no differences were found for FFM. Tanita TBF-310 explained 21% and 72% respectively in the estimation of absolute values of FM and FFM from the 4C method. Limits of agreement were significant, varying from -6.7 kg to 7.0 kg for FM and from -8.9 kg to 7.5 kg for FFM. In conclusion, TBF-310 Tanita is not a valid alternative method for estimating body composition in highly trained judo athletes.

RESUMO A avaliação da composição corporal ao nível molecular é relevante para a população esportiva e sua associação com o alto rendimento é bem reconhecida. O modelo molecular a quatro compartimentos (4C) é o método de referência para as estimativas de massa gorda (MG) e massa livre de gordura (MLG). No entanto, sua implementação no contexto real não é viável. Técnicos e atletas precisam de métodos práticos de composição corporal para a avaliação da composição corporal e o método de análise de impedância bioelétrica (BIA) é geralmente visto como uma alternativa útil. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a validade da BIA (Tanita, TBF-310) na determinação de MG e MLG em atletas de elite de judô. Um total de 29 atletas masculinos foi avaliado em um período de estabilidade de peso usando o método de referência (4C) e o método alternativo (Tanita, TBF-310). Em relação ao método a 4C, a água corporal total foi avaliada pela diluição de deutério, mineral ósseo por DXA e volume corporal por pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Os declives e interceções diferiram de 1 (0,39 e 1,11) e 0 (4,24 e -6,41) para MG e MLG, respectivamente. A MG da Tanita TBF-310 superestimou o método 4C em 0,2 kg, embora não tenham sido encontradas diferenças para MLG. A Tanita TBF-310 explicou 21% e 72%, respectivamente, na estimativa dos valores absolutos de MG e MLG do método a 4C. Os limites de concordância foram grandes, variando de -6,7 kg a 7,0 kg para MG e de -8,9 kg a 7,5 kg para MLG. Em conclusão, a TBF-310 Tanita não é um método alternativo válido para estimar a composição corporal em judocas altamente treinados.

Relationship of different domains of physical activity practice with health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between different domains of physical activity (PA) and health-related domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older adults, independent of confounding variables. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 400 individuals 60 years or above were randomly selected to participate in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: PA was assessed by a questionnaire in three different domains (work/occupational, sports/gym and leisure time) and total PA. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was used to evaluate HRQoL. The variables socioeconomic condition, marital status and presence of health professional-diagnosed comorbidities were self-reported. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 71.5 (±8.4) years, of whom 58% (n=232) were female. Male older adults showed higher scores of PA in sports, leisure time and in total PA than female adults. Older adults who were more physically active in the work/occupational domain were associated with better scores in functional capacity (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.93) and general health perception (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.56). Those who presented a higher score in the sports/gym domain had better scores in functional capacity, even after adjustment for comorbidities (OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.96). Individuals with higher activity in leisure time were more likely to have better scores in functional capacity (OR=1.75, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.98), body pain (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.78) and mental health (OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.69). Older adults who were more active in total PA were 77% more likely to have better scores in functional capacity (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.02). CONCLUSION: Physically active older adults in the different domains of PA presented better HRQoL parameters, reinforcing the importance of studies analysing PA in different contexts and in countries with low and medium socioeconomic conditions.

Prenatal, biological and environmental factors associated with physical activity maintenance from childhood to adolescence.

Our aim was to identify prenatal, biological and environmental correlates of child to adolescence physical activity maintenance in 1,186 Brazilian youth (525 boys) aged between 10 and 16 years. Current and former physical activity levels were obtained cross-sectionally through questionnaires. As potential correlates, parent's activity levels, socioeconomic status and offspring's birth weight were self-reported by parents. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak of height velocity. Logistic regression analyses revealed that, regardless of chronological age, males were more likely to be active in childhood (OR = 1.73 [CI 95% = 1.33 to 2.27]) and to maintain physical activity (adjusted by chronological age, sex, birth weight and mother's physical activity) (OR = 3.58 [CI 95% = 2.32 to 5.54]), as well as late maturing adolescents (OR = 2.52 [CI 95% = 1.02 to 6.22]). Adolescents whose mother was inactive (OR = 0.31 [CI 95% = 0.11 to 0.86]) also had a lower probability of maintaining physical activity. Thus, girls, adolescents born with low weight and those with inactive mother are less likely to maintain physical activity levels from childhood to adolescence.

Effects of linear versus nonperiodized resistance training on isometric force and skeletal muscle mass adaptations in sarcopenic older adults.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) versus nonperiodized (NP) resistance training on upper-body isometric force and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in sarcopenic older adults. Twenty sarcopenic older adults were randomly assigned into the LP and NP groups and performed 16 weeks of resistance training. The SMM was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. The isometric force for handgrip and trunk were assessed by dynamometer. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of resistance training. For total weight lifted, there was a main effect for time (F=126.986, P<0.001), statistically significant difference between condition (F=13.867, P=0.001) and interaction (F=8.778, P<0.001), whereby total weight lifted was greater for NP after 4 months of training. Isometric force for handgrip and trunk increased across time (P<0.001) but no significant differences between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). The SMM increased across time (P<0.05), however no significant difference between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). There were strong and significant correlations between handgrip maximum force and SMM (LP: rho=0.79, P=0.004 vs. NP: rho=-0.43, P=0.244) and handgrip mean force and SMM (LP: rho=0.68, P=0.021 vs. NP: rho=-0.37, P=0.332) only for the LP group. In conclusion, LP and NP resistance training induced similar benefits on upper-body isometric force and SMM in sarcopenic older adults. However, LP presented lower total weight lifted, suggesting that it is possible to obtain similar gains in isometric force and SMM with less total work.

Prenatal, biological and environmental factors associated with physical activity maintenance from childhood to adolescence / Fatores pré-natais, biológicos e ambientais associados à manutenção da atividade física da infância à adolescência

Abstract Our aim was to identify prenatal, biological and environmental correlates of child to adolescence physical activity maintenance in 1,186 Brazilian youth (525 boys) aged between 10 and 16 years. Current and former physical activity levels were obtained cross-sectionally through questionnaires. As potential correlates, parent's activity levels, socioeconomic status and offspring's birth weight were self-reported by parents. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak of height velocity. Logistic regression analyses revealed that, regardless of chronological age, males were more likely to be active in childhood (OR = 1.73 [CI 95% = 1.33 to 2.27]) and to maintain physical activity (adjusted by chronological age, sex, birth weight and mother's physical activity) (OR = 3.58 [CI 95% = 2.32 to 5.54]), as well as late maturing adolescents (OR = 2.52 [CI 95% = 1.02 to 6.22]). Adolescents whose mother was inactive (OR = 0.31 [CI 95% = 0.11 to 0.86]) also had a lower probability of maintaining physical activity. Thus, girls, adolescents born with low weight and those with inactive mother are less likely to maintain physical activity levels from childhood to adolescence.

Resumo O nosso objetivo foi identificar correlatos pré-natais, biológicos e ambientais da manutenção da prática de atividade física da infância à adolescência em 1.186 adolescentes (525 meninos), com idade entre 10 e 16 anos. Prática de atividade física na infância (retrospectiva) e adolescência (atual) foi obtida através de questionários. O nível de atividade física dos pais, nível socioeconômico e peso ao nascer dos filhos foram relatados pelos pais. Maturação somática foi estimada por meio do pico de velocidade de crescimento. Regressões logísticas revelam que independentemente da idade cronológica, meninos apresentaram maior probabilidade de ser ativos na infância (OR = 1.73 [CI 95% = 1.33 - 2.27]) e manter a prática de atividade física (ajustado por idade cronológica, sexo, peso ao nascer e atividade física da mãe) (OR = 3.58 [CI 95% = 2.32 - 5.54]), bem como adolescentes com maturação tardia (OR = 2.52 [CI 95% = 1.02 - 6.22]), adolescentes com a mãe inativa (OR = 2.52 [CI 95% = 1.02 - 6.22]), também apresentaram menor probabilidade de manter o nível de atividade física. Portanto, meninas, adolescentes nascidos com baixo peso e aqueles cuja mãe é inativa possuem menor probabilidade de manter o nível de atividade física da infância à adolescência.